During the mid 1780’s the first of two virulent waves of small pox afflicted the Huron, Wyandot Shawnee, Miami, and Delaware Indian tribes of the Continental Crown Lands. By 1788, an estimated 50% of the native population had died. This, combined with the Continental Crown Lands Ordinance of 1788, led to great unrest and instability in the region (present day Ohio and Wabash provinces).
Further south in the Continental Crown Lands, in what became the Mississippi Territory, unaffected by the outbreaks of small pox and less impacted by the Ordinance of 1788, a series of talks between the Federal government and the Alabama Confederacy, resulted in the 1792 Treaty of Colerain. The treaty, signed on June 29, by Benjamin Hawkins and George Clymer on behalf of the government and three dozen representatives of the confederacy (including the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee, and Chickasaw tribes). In the treaty, the tribes each recognized Albion’s sovereignty over them and settled all land claims with the royal government. Afterwards, on March 18, 1793, Congress established the Alabama Territory out of the Mississippi Territory from the Tennessee provincial line south to the 33degree 30' Parallel.
North of the Ohio River, tribal leaders refused to discuss becoming part of the realm. Several attempts to start discussions with the tribes failed. In 1789, the Huron Chief Blue Jacket told Colonel Nathan Hale, “Your new nation has as much right to this land as the British did before you and as the French did before them, which is none. This land belongs to us, the people.” Indian attacks upon White settlers in the Augusta Territory grew in number and violence in the early 1790’s. By 1792, several tribes in the region (Huron, Wyandot Shawnee, Miami and Delaware, Kickapoo, Kaskaskia, and other from the Wabash area) had begun coordinating their attacks. In response, the army’s counter attacks grew more intense. The owners of the Ohio Enterprise Land Company petitioned congressional leaders and the king to take action against “the natives who have risen up against our people.” Approximatly 1,200 White men, women and children were killed, and several hundred taken captive during these years of hostility. The Royal Cabinet, which was under great pressure to send the army in to put and end to the violence, opted to to make one last diplomatic effort before sending in the troops. Colonel Hale was dispatched to meet once again with Blue Jacket. The meeting, in July 1792, ended after Blue Jacket said to Hale, “I consider Pontiac’s Covenant Chain of Mutual Respect and Peace with you to be to be nothing but worthless paper.” Today we know the time of armed conflict that followed as the Blue Jacket Rebellion.
In response, King Edward and Secretary of War Henry Knox ordered Generals Josiah Harmer and Arthur St. Clair to launch a coordinated offensive into the Shawnee and Miami Indian country and put an end to the violence and establish a permanent federal presence in the region. In March 1793, Harmer assembled a force of 1,450 men near present day Fort Wayne, Wabash. At the same time, St. Clair assembled a force of 1,100 men near present day Dayton, Ohio. Harmer, under estimating the size of the Indian force he faced, sent only 400 of his men to attack an Indian force of 1,100 led by Little Turtle; few survived the initial battle. All totaled, over 600 soldiers, including Harmer died. St. Clair’s men suffered even more casualties when they engaged an Indian force of about 2,000 warriors led by Blue Jacket a week later. The casualty rate included 69% of soldiers and officers killed and another 24% wounded, plus nearly all of the force’s 200 man support staff were slaughtered.