The 94th Congress was being sworn in today, and for Ted Kennedy it was one of his favorite days. He was still new enough to Congress, in a sense, that he wasn’t yet jaded by the ceremony that swearing-in day brought to Capitol Hill. Entering his 13th year of service in the Senate, he relished the opportunity to push legislation through without much worry about the filibuster. Sixty Democratic senators was a filibuster-proof majority so long as they stuck together, and while that was unlikely in some areas (such as civil rights), in others like health care, opportunity abounded. Ted was quietly considering how to advance the national health insurance plan that Nixon had endorsed in 1971, believing it had a better chance with Connally than most people thought. It helped elevate both men, but for Kennedy, this was about more than helping his presidential prospects. This was his dream, something he’d wanted since he toured the factory floors in western Massachusetts and walked the wharfs in Boston—health insurance not tied to jobs, not reliant upon the whims of an employer but available for every American. It was too much to hope for a National Health Service on the scale of Great Britain’s, at least not yet, but this would be a landmark step. Democrats had overwhelming majorities in both houses, and with Vietnam winding down, the need for such care had become all too obvious: the Veterans Administration, headed by former Congressman Richard Roudebush, was floundering with the weight of so many badly wounded veterans of Vietnam. They couldn’t even begin to cope with the strain of the mental health care needed, something that had not been considered much in prior wars. The rampant drug abuse and homelessness of those who came back shattered from Southeast Asia, mentally, physically, or both, was an urgent priority, one which Kennedy would use as a shoehorn with the Dixiecrats to get his 60 votes.
Best of all for Ted, having cleaned up and gotten sober, Mike Mansfield brought him back into the leadership fold as head of the Senate Democratic Policy Committee. It was Mansfield himself who’d held the position for fourteen years, and he wanted to elevate Ted’s chances in 1976. He would, in consultation with Mansfield and Robert Byrd, determine the legislation Democrats would advance between now and Election Day in 1976. All of these thoughts were running through the mind of the youngest Kennedy as he helped swear in his new colleagues. He had quietly insisted that he get to swear in the new Kansas senator, Dr. Bill Roy, because he wanted the chance to pull him aside and talk about the healthcare bill. Roy had advocated for just such a thing in the House, and as a doctor of renown, would carry weight when he spoke on the matter. Senate tradition had long dictated that you are seen, not heard, for months before you speak on the floor. Ted Kennedy had known and abided by that tradition when he’d joined the Senate, and was determined to shove it into the dustbin of history. That fealty to tradition in the Senate had created Dick Nixon and Lyndon Johnson (Teddy was friends with the deceased ex-President, but not blind to his many faults), and other leaders who’d gone morally and legally astray. Some of them were still in this room: John Stennis, James Eastland, Russell Long, Sam Ervin. Ervin was better than most of them, had definitely mellowed in the last couple of years, but the others were still pieces of work who would raise hell and complain about any subversion of their traditions. No matter. Ted knew how to work with these men, cut deals, charm them. They respected his getting sober, too, and always had some ginger ale ready for him to sip on instead of their bourbon.
A new Congress and new possibilities. Things were looking up in Ted Kennedy’s eyes.
Across the Capitol, in the back rooms of power, matters were less sanguine. Carl Albert, about to begin his fifth year as Speaker of the House, was losing his nerve. Nobody was quite sure when it started, and even Carl himself couldn’t pinpoint a time, but between the impeachment trial and the Korean crisis, the liquor wasn’t cutting it. He began to get the shakes, and while he did his best to conceal it, the whispers had been circulating around the House leadership for a couple of months now. He was not as vibrant, as engaged, as he had been before. No matter how much he’d drank in the past, it hadn’t dulled his ability to engage. Now he couldn’t control his hands and he couldn’t focus while engaged in conversation. He wanted to get through the 1976 elections, wanted to take this new and rambunctious House and guide it to safe shores. Before the swearing-in could take place, the Speaker had to be elected, and Albert had delayed the vote for a few hours. The results of his tests at Walter Reed Medical Center had come back. He had Parkinson’s Disease, and it was accelerating quickly. His cognitive test results showed decline in progress. He might be a nervous alcoholic, but at his core, Carl Albert was a man of honor for whom his oath of office meant something. It was a fairly easy decision when push came to shove. He would not stand for Speaker and would retire at the end of his term. The doctors said that the less stress he had, the slower the Parkinson’s would progress. He could be present, consult, offer guidance to the new members, but not have to bear the burden of running this madhouse. There was one thing he wanted more than anything, and that was to not be humiliated publicly. Any sort of breakdown would be all anyone remembered.
Albert scanned over the results again, sighed, and put the papers down. He tilted his head up at his guests, Majority Leader Tip O’Neill and Majority Whip John McFall. “Tip, I’m standing down, and I’m going to go to the floor and nominate you as the next Speaker. These papers here,” Albert gestured back at the desk, “say I have Parkinson’s and it’s advancing fairly quickly. I can’t stay Speaker. You’re up to bat, Tip, and I know you’re gonna be great at this job. I’ll even leave you a bottle of my best bourbon.” O’Neill chuckled, that deep rumbling Boston baritone that would become very familiar in the coming years to Americans across the country. “Carl, you’ve done a wonderful job and I’ve been proud to serve under you. The way you handled the last two years...few men could’ve done as well.”
Within the hour, a caucus meeting was convened to break the news to everyone. The newcomers had no issue with supporting the ascension of the Majority Leader. He was one of the early Democrats to break with LBJ on Vietnam, he had helped break the Dixiecrat stranglehold on committee chairmanships in the House, and he was a big supporter of social programs. Many of the class of ‘74 admired all of that, and so they would back him. By late afternoon, the press gallery was packed for the vote, having been alerted that big news was in the offing. When the chief clerk of the House began the voting process for Speaker, he acknowledged Carl Albert first after Albert said he wished to put forth a nomination for Speaker. Since the sitting Speaker never puts themselves forward, the reporters were virtually falling off of their seats as they leaned in to listen. “I stand here before you today as a proud American and a proud Okie. I have had the privilege to serve in this House, the People’s House, for some thirty years now, the last four as Speaker. I have been preceded by giants like my predecessors John McCormack and Sam Rayburn, as well as the great Henry Clay. I am no giant, as many of you have long known merely by standing next to me. [laughs from representatives] I am grateful to have served and I hope served well. I learned earlier today that I have the condition known as Parkinson’s disease, and as such, I am stepping down and will not run for Speaker of this House. Therefore, Mister Clerk, I submit the name of the honorable Thomas P. O’Neill to be the next Speaker of the House.” Albert sat down and the chamber exploded in applause and cheers, a sustained roar that compelled the retiring Speaker to stand and acknowledge it. A tear dripped from his left eye as the love of everyone in the House washed over him.
House Minority Leader Gerald Ford stood, and said that he was sad to see his friend have to step down, and as a gesture of his respect and admiration, he would cast his own vote in the Speaker race for Albert anyways. He then walked into the well, where they shook hands, and Ford placed his hand on Albert’s shoulder while leaning in and offering any help, personally, that he could provide. They then headed into the Democratic cloakroom while the vote began. The clerk would let them vote at the end, and in the meantime, the two old sparring partners sat down and had a drink. The big former athlete from Grand Rapids comforted the little giant from Bugtussle as Albert wept openly at that moment, his life’s work being cut short. Ford would not publicly tell the story until near the end of his life when he wrote his memoirs, A Ford, Not A Lincoln: My Time in Washington, D.C.
O’Neill virtually won election by acclamation, in a House dominated 2-1 by Democrats. He was the second Speaker out of the last three to be Irish Catholic, and O’Neill was the most liberal sort of Catholic, a deep believer in mercy, social justice, and aiding the sick and the poor. Like the Kennedys and other liberal Irish Catholics, Richard Cardinal Cushing had been the spiritual force in his life. Cushing’s legacy in Boston was substantive, seen in the Massachusetts congressional delegation to such a great extent that it included Father Robert Drinan, an active Jesuit priest. In his first speech from the Speaker’s chair, O’Neill would insert a line that had only been heard privately before, when he’d spoken at the graduation of his youngest son, Christopher, from Cambridge Matignon School, a Catholic prep school founded by Cushing. O’Neill said, in language one rarely heard from modern politicians, especially inside the chambers of Congress, “In everything you do, you must recall that Christ loved man and wished us, for our own sakes, to love Him. The method by which we exercise that love is by loving our fellow man, by seeing that justice is done, that mercy prevails, and the least amongst us uplifted.” It was a declaration of intent as clear as day, and it would find frequent opportunity to clash against the blunt pragmatism of President John Connally until Election Day 1976.
*****
Across the ocean, in Moscow, a rapprochement had been reached between the two sides on the Politburo. Andropov had, for now, lost. Too many men there remembered Beria, and putting a KGB chairman into the ultimate seat of power twenty years after the death of the last feared KGB chairman was a bridge too far to cross for even some of his own supporters. Alexei Kosygin, so long maneuvered out of the top spot through the cunning of Khrushchev and Brezhnev, had learned his lessons, and used them to his benefit. He was announced as the new General Secretary of the Communist Party on New Year’s Day, and then made a deal with Andropov and his old friend/rival Nikolai Podgorny to conduct the largest purge of the Politboro since Stalin’s time. Defense Minister Andrei Grechko, Ukrainian First Secretary Volodymyr Shcherbytsky, and former KGB chairman Alexander Shelepin were summarily dismissed. Andropov was named Premier, Dmitri Ustinov was promoted from candidate member to Defense Minister, Boris Ponomarev (head of the International Department of the Central Committee) was promoted from candidate member to full member, Grigory Romanov promoted from candidate member to Minister for External Economic Relations, and Georgian First Secretary Eduard Shevardnadze was promoted from candidate member to full member. Andrei Kirlienko was named Minister for Oil and Gas, tasked with modernizing their infrastructure. The new KGB chairman was Andropov’s deputy, Viktor Chebrikov. Chebrikov, along with Chairman of the Russian SSR Council of Ministers Mikhail Solomentsev and the new Justice Minister, Mikhail Gorbachev, were made candidate members of the Politburo to replace those newly promoted.
Kosygin and Andropov were of one mind: the Soviet economy needed reform, badly so, and the gross corruption that had flourished under Brezhnev had to end. The Soviets were flush with cash for the first time in decades because of the international spike in oil prices, but to maximize that advantage, they needed to change matters. Acquiring modern drilling and refining equipment was the start. Another move, long debated, was opening up additional land for private plots in agriculture. The Politburo was divided on this, but Kosygin thought the changes might just give him enough leverage to push it through. Ustinov was another modernizer, ready to propel the Soviet military forward. Grechko had made a start, but he also had made it clear he thought there would be war with the West and it would be nuclear, so he had to go. Shcherbytsky was corrupt to the core, part of Brezhnev’s claque, and nobody was sad to see him leave. Shelepin wanted his old job back, and Andropov gladly agreed to sack him. Podgorny got the Interior Ministry, another seat of power, and kept his existing portfolio.
Another move Kosygin had in mind fell in place with his longstanding beliefs about the futility of nuclear war. He wanted to declare a nuclear free-zone in Europe from the France-Germany border to the Polish-Soviet border. A missile currently under development, the SS-20, was an intermediate-range missile designed for European theater targets in NATO countries. It was costing untold amounts of money to complete, and Kosygin was tired of missile spending eating the Soviet budget alive. We can launch bombers against any European city as easily as we can lob missiles, and we have so many ICBM’s from Leonid Il’ych’s crash program to reach parity with the Americans just in time for SALT that I could retarget and ruin every nation on the planet if I were a madman. What is the point of “diversifying our arsenal,” as the Americans put it, when we already have too many of these atomic weapons already?
Kosygin picked up his phone. “Andrei Andreyevich, have Comrade Dobrynin inform Secretary Kissinger that we wish to discuss a major arms control agreement in Central Europe. Yes, tell them that you and I will sit down with Dr. Kissinger and the President. We’ll see if he’s more willing to negotiate than his stubborn cowboy mentor was at Glassboro.”
*****
Ambassador Dobrynin’s call to Henry was relayed quickly down the street to the Oval Office, where Connally sat with Adm. Burke and Ben Barnes. The NSC was already hard at work in the basement trying to determine what this shakeup in Moscow meant. It was almost a decennial event: 1954, 1964, 1974 into 1975. Each time, there had been a reshuffling of the deck, with people at the back of the succession line catapulted to the front. Some of the names were completely unknown. Shevardnadze? Gorbachev? Solomentsev? And then there was Ponomarev, essentially a rival for Gromyko’s spot as foreign minister, now sitting at the big boys table with Mr. Iron Ass himself. Kosygin, steadily pushed away from power by Brezhnev, having maneuvered himself into the top slot while bringing Andropov, his rival for that seat, along with him. The intel was sketchy, as always seemed to be the case. The CIA had not exactly covered itself in glory recruiting agents in Moscow. Things had been flat-out bleak since Penkovskiy was arrested during the Missile Crisis in ‘62. The French had some sort of midlevel agent spiriting out fighter designs, but that wasn’t political intelligence. Political intelligence was gold, and America had been, for so very long, terrible at recruiting political agents. The Brits would smile their crooked smiles and say that it’s just a matter of experience and they had not been in the game long enough yet. They did not let on a whit that they had a KGB major, Oleg Gordievsky, in their back pocket. The French would say that America never tried to lay honey traps (i.e. hookers) and that was why they failed, and the Germans...well, they were just as bad.
Connally was bothered enough by the paucity of good information that he had Nitze drive up from Langley to ask what he needed to surveil the conversations of the Politburo. Nitze replied it was impossible to gather anything from the meetings, but there might be a way, with the right type of satellite, to intercept their radiotelephone calls. The Politburo members loved their Altai phones, from which they could place calls while being driven about, using a system that was ostensibly public. Because so few Soviet citizens could afford such a luxury, or would be allowed to own one even if they could, the Politburo members treated the system as if it were secure, which was a dangerous thing to do without encryption on the system. They couldn’t use the embassy, much as they might like, because the Politburo didn’t drive past it. But a satellite in orbit would not draw the same attention, especially if disguised as a photographic reconnaissance one. Those were ubiquitous. KH-9, or HEXAGON, was currently in orbit, and its replacement, KH-11, would launch before the end of 1976, with new digital optics to provide even higher quality resolution than before. KH-10, a manned laboratory that had been canceled in 1969, had already seen its components sent away to museums and cold storage, and recovery of those would be impossible. It was Admiral Burke who came up with the idea: Why not Skylab?
Skylab’s final mission had been less than a year before. It was intended to be re-boosted by the Space Shuttle, but there was concern that the Shuttle would not be completed before it could do so. However, it was still very much in orbit, and in no danger of coming down soon. It orbited the Earth 15 times a day, which meant that deploying an intercept device on it would be much easier than a purpose-built satellite that would draw attention from Soviet reconnaissance. By announcing the restoration of the Skylab 5 mission, they would have cover to pull this off without drawing too much attention. It would simply be treated as a change in administration policy caused by the change in presidents, especially one from Texas who had a vested interest in providing extra work to the Johnson Space Center in Houston. It also would not be terribly expensive on the NASA side, and getting the appropriation would be pretty easy once the leadership was briefed. Nitze was going to dig into his “black” appropriations, but Barnes suggested that open cover was better: take money from KH-11, reprogram it for the radio-intercept attachment, and then put the money back during normal appropriations in the fall for budget year 1976. That way, any special appropriation would only be for NASA, which was still wildly popular with the public, and wouldn’t raise any eyebrows. He knew the challenge would be the House Armed Services Committee: the chairman, Mel Price, was an old-school Democrat from East St. Louis who’d play ball, but the newer members were firebrands like Les Aspin, who, in the President’s own words, “got a hard-on every time they thought about programs they could cut.” It would definitely require some arm-twisting, and that meant going to guys like Jack Brooks, Jim Wright, and maybe John McFall. Tip O’Neill, as the new Speaker, had to be briefed, so they’d ask him to get McFall involved. The Majority Whip was a former Army Intelligence NCO, and would understand. The President would do the talking with Brooks and Wright.
The Vice-President spoke up and suggested he talk with the conservatives in the Senate who would be opposed to additional spending, and had the ability to filibuster any bill that did so. Connally readily agreed. It’ll keep Ronnie out of my hair and occupy his time on something that we probably don’t need, but it doesn’t hurt to do. He’s got that trip back home to California soon to start the fundraising for ‘76, a good week up and down the state with a couple days at his ranch, too. I know I need him for the right wing support, but dammit, the man is a pain in my ass because he wants my chair and isn’t shy about showing it.
What nobody knew, least of all the President and the Vice-President, was that the pain in John Connally’s might soon be relieved by outside forces.