The China Democratic Socialist Party would nominate Legislative Yuan member Song Defu of Fujian, the party’s 1996 Vice Presidential nominee, for President. Li Changchun, former Premier of Liaoning who served in the Li Ao administration, was selected as Song’s running mate. The China Youth Party would run an old man (ironically, they would often run the oldest candidates), 76-year-old former Vice President Lin Yang-kang of Taiwan. Lin was Li Ao’s Vice President, but he and his party were no longer interested in working with Li. His running mate was Legislative Yuan member Bai Qiang of Sichuan. Lin did not volunteer to run, but was drafted by his party as he was their most prominent politician (despite spending most of his political career in the KMT).
The Liberal Party, at this point, was essentially the Li Ao Party. It had been apparent for quite some time that Li was going to seek a rematch with Lien Chan. His nomination by the Liberal Party was a surprise to no one. A small number of Liberal Party members wanted to bring the party back to its 70s and 80s roots instead of being what they criticized as a cult of personality around Li Ao. Li attempted to reach out to actor Chan Kong-sang [1] to get him to become his running mate. Once Chan made it clear he wasn’t interested, Li went with Xu Qinxian of Shandong, former general and Vice-Premier of China during the Li Ao Administration. Xu had gained fame by refusing to use the military against protesters in 1989.
The Kuomintang, as always, had internal divisions. There was a bit of a rivalry between President Lien Chan and Vice President James Soong. Some polls even showed that Soong was more popular than Lien, both within the KMT and among the Chinese public. Soong led an effort to make the KMT nomination subject to a popular vote amongst party members, inspired by presidential primaries in the United States. Lien Chan blocked the enactment of Presidential primaries in the KMT. At the nominating convention in 2001, 71% of delegates chose Lien Chan, 28% of delegates chose James Soong, and 1% of delegates chose other candidates. In order to prevent Soong from running an independent campaign and splitting the vote, Soong was convinced to stay as Lien’s Vice President in exchange for a tacit understanding that he would be the nominee in 2008 and have greater influence in government.
There were several minor candidates as well. The New Democratic League was once considered an important part of the opposition to the KMT, but by 2001 they were reduced to less than 3% of members of the Legislative Yuan. The Party ran Wang Li-chun, former police chief and Premier of Xingan, an ethnic Mongol, for President and Legislative Yuan member Li Liling of Sichuan for Vice President. Former Hong Kong Mayor Martin Lee, a member of the Hong Kong Democratic Party, was nominated by Lee Teng-hui’s Chinese Federal Party, a party that wanted to give the provinces of China more autonomy. The Party nominated Tainan Mayor Chen A-bian of Taiwan for Vice President. Finally, a small group of Liberal Party members opposed to Li Ao formed the Liberal Democratic Party and met in Dalian where they nominated 1980s pro-democracy activist and former Legislative Yuan member Wei Ching-sheng of Hebei for President and Provincial Legislature member Huang Mingtao of Guangxi for Vice President.
(Left: Wei Ching-sheng, Right: Martin Lee)
The KMT was going to win the most votes on the first round. It was estimated that Lien Chan would win more than 40 but less than 50 percent of the vote, which would necessitate a runoff. Lien’s campaign entirely ignored Wang Li-chun, Martin Lee, and Wei Ching-sheng. This is because these candidates had no shot at victory and had little appeal to anyone who voted KMT. Some attention was given to Lin Yang-kang, as even though his chances of victory were slim, he would take votes from Lien Chan. Li Ao and Song Defu, in that order, were quickly identified as Lien’s major opponents. Lien Chan would continue to tout his accomplishments in both domestic and foreign policy. The economy was good and China’s power was increasing.
Li Ao had to face an uphill battle. He couldn’t ask the people of China if they were better off now than 6 years ago, because the answer for most Chinese was “yes.” The type of person for whom things hadn’t been improving over the last decade was probably going to vote for left-wing candidates like Song or Wang. Li would speak out against the presence of people with authoritarian impulses or shady histories in power under KMT rule. He also called for abandoning the Minguo calendar for the Gregorian Calendar and moving the capital to Beijing. His campaign printed images of Li Ao with maps of China in the background that included Mongolia and parts of Russia. He leaned into Chinese nationalism much more than he did in the past, trying to paint himself as more Nationalist than the KMT. Nevertheless, Li could not attract the same crowds to his speeches as he did in the 80s and 90s.
The consensus was that Lien Chan would face Li Ao in the second round for a rematch of 1996. But Song Defu was a formidable foe. He traveled to working class areas around China, even in blue areas, and was well-received. He and the CDSP often campaigned in places that Lien and Li ignored. For instance, while Lien Chan made one brief visit to Lhasa, Song Defu visited Shigatse, Lhoka, and Nagqu. The CDSP canvassed the industrial towns in Hebei and Henan in particular, as these high-population provinces could give Song an edge over Li in the first round. Song spoke out against the extensive privatization that occurred during the Lien Chan and Li Ao administrations, a message that resonated with some and repelled others. Song competed for anti-KMT voters in Northern China with Li Ao and to a lesser extent Wang Li-chun while he tried to persuade working class KMT voters in the South.
Despite running an ethnic Mongol from Xingan, the New Democratic League wouldn’t even win the provinces bordering Mongolia, and the party would continue to fall in popularity. The party’s hard-left positions were unpopular in an increasingly prosperous China. By 2002 the NDL was reduced to a third of its strength compared to 1989. Lin Yang-kang fared a lot better, but his performance was still underwhelming. He put a lot of effort into trying to win Taiwan, but he failed. Nevertheless, the China Youth Party performed reasonably in the National Assembly and Legislative Yuan elections. Wei Ching-sheng and the Liberal Democratic Party made very little impact on the race, only running a few radio ads in the Shanghai, Beiping, and Shenyang areas. Martin Lee and the China Federal Party were a non-factor in most of the country, and didn’t even win Hong Kong. However, he won 25% of the vote in Taiwan and 20% of the vote in Tibet.
Just as in 1996, two debates were held. Lien Chan, Li Ao, Song Defu, Lin Yang-kang, and Wang Li-chun were invited. There was no clear winner. Lien saw no need to attend the second debate. At the second debate, Li Ao accused Wang Li-chun of being a Communist, which Wang denied. Li also went on the attack against his former Vice-President Lin Yang-kang. Li Ao and Song Defu didn’t want to go too hard on each other, as whoever made it to the second round would need the others’ voters. Song Defu was considered the winner of the debate. In the final two months of campaigning, the polling gap between Li Ao and Lien Chan widened, while the gap between Li Ao and Song Defu shrank. Voting for the first round would occur in March.
Lien Chan, unsurprisingly, came in first place, and it wasn’t even close. What was a little bit surprising was that he won more than twice the amount of votes as Li Ao, who came in second place. Li won significantly less votes in the first round in 2002 than he had in 1996. He also only barely received more votes than CDSP candidate Song Defu. The KMT won the majority of seats in the Legislative Yuan and the National Assembly, with the CDSP coming in second, and the Liberal Party coming in third. In fourth place was the China Youth Party, which would go back to working with the KMT. Lien Chan and Li Ao would prepare for a rematch in April.
President | Vice-President | Votes |
Lien Chan (KMT-Liaoning) | James Soong (KMT-Hunan) | 225,590,304 (45.1%) |
Li Ao (LP-Songjiang) | Xu Qinxian (LP-Shandong) | 103,033,091 (20.6%) |
Song Defu (CDSP-Fujian) | Li Changchun (CDSP-Liaoning) | 102,540,999 (20.5%) |
Lin Yang-kang (CYP-Taiwan) | Bai Qiang (CDSP-Sichuan) | 45,200,281 (9.4%) |
Wang Li-chun (NDL-Xingan) | Li Liling (NDL-Sichuan) | 15,000,065 (3.0%) |
Wei Ching-sheng (LDP-Hebei) | Huang Mingtao (LDP-Guangxi) | 4,500,018 (0.9%) |
Martin Lee (HKDP-Guangdong) | Chen A-bian (CFP-Taiwan) | 2,508,011 (0.5%) |
1: TTL Jackie Chan